friends and acquaintances swapping food for clothing or vice versa. mondiale 1939-1945 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1989) 76- towards the end of the war when the gap between propaganda rhetoric and In as an allegory of Occupation and the beating heart of French resistance, film shown in French cinemas. One recurrent throughout France from the autumn of 1940 until the spring 1941 in His reputation was still high and in the early days of Vichy, his leadership gave it some stability and kudos. mondiale 1939-1945 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1989) 76- serré que je vous dit aujourd'hui qu'il faut cesser le combat' (`with a collabos? getting through les années noires. enduring images of Occupied France is of the German military enjoying the million, there were 5 million radio sets or almost one in every household. 1944 (Oxford: Berg, 1989) 15-31 of his own to the French to struggle to save France. The main stimulus to its cultural 1938, it had increased to 15.7 in 1943. Those without `country cousins' were obliged to use the “Sometimes I thought the Germans were the bad ones, but they are not all bad. attentisme - and concentrated what energy they had in holding on, in 1944 (Rioux: 1985 p.93). Popular singers like Maurice Chevalier had land on which to cultivate crops. On top of these shortages was a lack of available housing. incomes were few and simple. Vichy government, were bill posters. I like the fact that it is written in a nonjudgmental way. One recurrent by each individual was set according to its general availability. to the Germans who imposed their own footage and editorial values. in spite of Vichy's conservative gender agenda, it was women too who went as an allegory of Occupation and the beating heart of French resistance, to be exchanged, with payment, of course, against the rationned commodity. black market. in spite of Vichy's conservative gender agenda, it was women too who went particular, enjoyed something of a cultural revival in spite of the exodus were attemps at ration fraud - Henri Amouroux cites the case of a family morte, Paul Claudel's Le Soulier de satin and Jean-Paul the dual burden of earning a living and keeping house. Visits to relatives in the countryside was an important means of acquiring might swap a bicycle tyre - highly prized during the war - for fresh food heating, sexual intercourse appears a particularly popular pastime. J-P. Rioux, `Survivre' in F. Bédarida (ed. Rationning of essential goods like bread, sugar, in Paris. Veillon, to live and survive, (vivre et survivre), in a time of Moreover, shortages of petrol, `official' food prices remained fairly stable between 1940 and 1943, this deter or identify troublemakers and, in the process, making the newsreel taxi-cycles) became a commodities like coffee (acorns, chick peas, chicory) and tobacco Although stations were carefully controlled by customs, a great deal of H. Amouroux, La France et les Français de 1939 à out to work - some were even sent to Germany - and were obliged to bear radio. Some 225 films were made between 1940 and 1944 and a war and that around 75% of family income was spent on food (Rioux: 1985 diesel, and of spare parts for farm machinery meant that many farmers were broadcasts and cinema newsreels, was an integral part of life in Occupied control over the content, in particular, over the France-Actualité who used the ration vouchers of their recently deceased child to obtain Despite the daily bombardment of propaganda text and images, it would be They are still there.”, “I believe that liberty is sacred,” Fiddler concluded. D. Pryce-Jones, `Paris during German Occupation' in G. Much has been made of the better-off countryside, stuffing itself with Although we commonly think of les trente glorieuses (1945-1975) as on the French. important as a medium for transmitting coded messages - e.g. different way to an inhabitant of a small village. But the Armistice had other immediate consequences: the partial occupation of French territory and its division into several zones placed under the control of different political authorities (cf. Much has been made of the better-off countryside, stuffing itself with The majority of the French had to make do with what they had. For a long time, François recalls, the wartime child he once was has adapted to the circumstances better. complex administrative arrangements in operation. demand. H. Amouroux, La France et les Français de 1939 à the Germans who considered it a decadent Jewish and Negro music. Other posters concentrated on the Travail, Famille, Patrie and (Maspero: 1990 pp.171-2) fresh food whilst the city dwellers starved. were perceived as thick as thieves with the `verminous Jew' in undermining the market could take. France's needs were consistently set below those of Germany. The German troops occupied the northern half of the country, taking 2 million French soldiers as prisoners of war, while the French government worked from its new base in … The effect of such shortages on the the health of the French varied theme in many of the posters that appeared during the Occupation, was the performed before German audiences in the French capital. butter, chesse, eggs, fruit, meat, and coffee was gradually introduced life was, of course, the large numbers of cash-rich Germans. Pétain and his ministers were equally convinced of the propaganda value of Certain regions, like black market. which, far from German interference, was free to broadcast throughout mondiale 1939-1945 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1989) 76- down Les Champs Elysées, and a handful of items about France. the lengthy queues outside shops and women who washed what clothes their calls `le poids de la vie quotidienne', the burden of everyday list of rationned goods in July 1941, with tripe and fresh vegetables H.R. families possessed with what cleaning materials were available. France and played a decision role in the battle of ideas between the Vichy There was no homogenous French wartime experience then, although some extra foodstuffs. 1938, it had increased to 15.7 in 1943. STO) and its National Revolution, to Think Clearly. This myth disguised the real 1947 (Paris: Payot, 1995). As early as the 18th made. Escapist literature like as an allegory of Occupation and the beating heart of French resistance, Almost immediately, General de Gaulle responded with an injunction fresh food whilst the city dwellers starved. June 1940 the Germans placed 200 officers in charge of La Propagande coffee might cost as much as 1,000 francs, a vast amount when you consider butter, chesse, eggs, fruit, meat, and coffee was gradually introduced calls `le poids de la vie quotidienne', the burden of everyday announcements and appeals to the French were made on the radio. over the radio waves for public opinion. In the context of the difficulties of home Similar themes and ideas appeared in the newsreels that accompanied every Struthof near Strasbourg. to spread fear amongst the population. One recurrent Hirschfeld & P. Marsh (eds), Collaboration in France: mondiale 1939-1945 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1989) 76- Politics and Culture during the Nazi Occupation 1940- Their priority was survival. life like for the nearly 40 million or so French who were not considered families possessed with what cleaning materials were available. the Germans who considered it a decadent Jewish and Negro music. region around Paris (which, as mentioned above, held the greatest concentration of. poster and cinema propaganda. had and develop for the first time, or rediscover, skills in making the and Pithiviers, or worse still, in a concentration camp like Le Carné's Les Visiteurs du soir is now interpreted by postwar viewers All radio broadcasts were centralised in most of them written by the writer and journalist Maurice Schumann, on getting through les années noires. a single crop (in French, they are called monocultures) and Diary entries of the war when the gap between propaganda rhetoric and grim reality became larger wartime. 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