[18], Adele Bauer [de] was from a wealthy Jewish Viennese family. [43][87][88], Michael Kimmelman, the chief art critic for the New York Times, was critical of the sale, and wrote that "A story about justice and redemption after the Holocaust has devolved into yet another tale of the crazy, intoxicating art market. [54] Shortly afterwards Gustav filed for probate; he included a document that stated that the clause in the will was precatory, i.e. Going by various names over the centuries, it became known by its present title towards the end of the 20th century after the large pearl earring worn by the girl portrayed there. “They will delay, delay, delay, hoping I will die,” she told The Los Angeles Times in 2001, with no end in sight to her case. [33] For Whitford the effect of the gold background is to "remove Adele Bloch-Bauer from the earthly plane, transform the flesh and blood into an apparition from a dream of sensuality and self-indulgence"; he, and Thomson, consider the work to look more like a religious icon than a secular portrait. Mona in Italian is a polite form of address originating as ma donna – similar to Ma'am, Madam, or my lady in English. On 19 January 1923 Adele Bloch-Bauer wrote a will. Schoenberg was the son of a woman she had been friends with since they lived in Vienna. [60][68] Hubertus Czernin, the Austrian investigative journalist, undertook extensive research in the newly opened archives and published a story about the theft of art by the Nazis; with the subsequent refusal of the Austrian state to return the art or to acknowledge a theft had taken place, Czernin described the situation as "a double crime". Yet Altmann never forgot what the Nazis stole from her family. [22] Whitford observes that some of the preliminary sketches that Klimt made for The Kiss showed a bearded figure which was possibly a self-portrait; the female partner is described by Whitford as an "idealised portrait of Adele". Enough loans.’ ”. When the Austrian government passed a restitution law in 1998, ruling that property stolen by the Nazis could be returned to its rightful owners, Maria Altmann — now in her 80s — began a legal battle to regain the Klimts that belonged to her family, which … [92] The history, as well as other stories of other stolen art, is told by Melissa Müller and Monika Tatzkow in Lost Lives, Lost Art: Jewish Collectors, Nazi Art Theft, and the Quest for Justice, published in 2010. The New York Times noted at that time this was "the highest sum ever paid for a painting." Afterward, Altmann recalled that the family’s regular Sunday brunches at her uncle’s house always included a viewing of the portrait, as well as four other works by Klimt, including another later painting of Adele. The Kiss (in German Der Kuss) is an oil-on-canvas painting with added gold leaf, silver and platinum. Ferdinand died in 1946; his will stated that his estate should go to his nephew and two nieces. [n 7] Several other Nazi leaders, including Hermann Göring, the Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, also obtained works from the collection. Bernhard had already escaped to London by this time, but when he heard the news about his brother, he gave the Nazis his business, and in turn, Frederick was set free. Dr. Bennet Omalu and his battle to raise awareness about CTE is the inspiration behind the 2015 movie starring Will Smith. In so doing, it disregarded the fact that his own will had left his estate to his nieces and nephews. She was informed that the cost of filing (consisting of 1.2% of the amount in question, plus a filing fee), would have meant a fee of €1.75 million. His assets were frozen and, in May 1938, a seizure order was issued that allowed the state to dispose of his property as they felt fit. He sent Altmann a cashmere sweater to see if Americans might like the fine, soft wool. [36][37][35] Lenz later wrote that "the mosaics made an immense decisive impression on ... [Klimt]. They were also forced to relinquish any claims on Buchenwald and Schloss Kammer am Attersee III. The 2015 film focuses on Bloch-Bauer's niece Maria Altmann, played by Helen Mirren, and her quest to reclaim the famous Klimt painting from the Austrian government, but there is a lot more to her story. She had just married opera singer Fritz Altmann and her uncle had given her Adele's diamond earrings and a necklace as a wedding present. Gustav Klimt was born in 1862 in Baumgarten, near Vienna in Austria-Hungary. Her Uncle Ferdinand gave her Adele's jewelled choker as a wedding gift. For many years, Altmann had assumed that the Austrian National Gallery had taken possession of the Klimt paintings. Here's a surprising look at the real actress who lived beyond the glare of her celebrity. Her father was a director of the Wiener Bankverein [de], the seventh largest bank in Austria-Hungary, and the general director of Oriental Railroads. The most famous of all Gustav Klimt paintings, the central piece of the Vienna Secession art movement and one of the finest artworks of the early modern period, The Kiss depicts two lovers embraced on the edge of a flower field or meadow. [41], After exhibition at the Kunstschau, the portrait was hung at the Bloch-Bauers' Vienna residence. Eileen Kinsella, the editor of ARTnews, considered the high price was due to several factors, particularly the painting's provenance, the increasing demand for Austrian Expressionism, rising prices in the art world and "Lauder's passion for and pursuit of this particular work". In January 1939 he convened a meeting of museum and gallery directors to inspect the works and to give an indication of which they would like to obtain. Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, painting by Gustav Klimt (1862-1918). Altmann took the sweater to a department store in Beverly Hills, which agreed to sell them. The assets raised from the purported sales of artwork, property and his sugar business were offset against the tax claim. Ryan Reynolds portrays him in the film.). "Neue Galerie New York Agrees to Acquire Spectacular Klimt Painting, "New York: Staged Reading: The Accidental Caregiver (presented by the ACF New York)", "Six Klimt paintings – Maria Altmann and Austria", Austrian Arbitral Award, "Maria V. Altmann and others v. Republic of Austria", 6 May 2006, Klimt University of Vienna Ceiling Paintings, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portrait_of_Adele_Bloch-Bauer_I&oldid=999986794, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with dead external links from May 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with German-language sources (de), Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 23:32. Without reference to a date of commission, Partsch considers that some initial sketches were undertaken in 1900. [50][51] The will included a reference to the Klimt works owned by the couple, including the two portraits of her: Meine 2 Porträts und die 4 Landschaften von Gustav Klimt, bitte ich meinen Ehegatten nach seinem Tode der österr. From this comes the resplendence, the stiff decoration of his art". [19] In the late 1890s Adele met Klimt, and may have begun a relationship with him. [39][n 6] According to the art historian Tobias G. Natter, some critics disapproved of the loss of the sitter's individuality, while others "accused Klimt of endangering the autonomy of art". Three arbitrators formed the panel, Andreas Nödl, Walter Rechberger and Peter Rummel. [98] Schoenberg, who had worked on a 40 per cent conditional fee throughout, received $54 million for the sale of Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and $55 million for the sale of the remaining four paintings. 4. The actor appears in the middle of a room full of mostly animal-related objects in a red jumper and grey skirt. He added that Ferdinand had said he would honour the clause, even though he, not Adele, was the legal owner of the paintings. If you haven't found a fortune in your backyard, don't give up! In 1999 she and her lawyer tried to sue the Austrian government. After the collection was catalogued, Adolf Hitler used the Führervorbehalt [de] decree to obtain part of the collection at a reduced price. [41], The painting measures 138 by 138 cm (54 by 54 in);[42][n 5] it is composed of oil paint and silver and gold leaf on canvas. The couple had three sons and a daughter in America, building a life together in a country that welcomed them. It had kept the paintings based on Adele’s will in which she made a “kind request,” that Ferdinand donate the paintings to the state museum after his death, which took place in 1945. In 1998 Hubertus Czernin, the Austrian investigative journalist, established that the Galerie Belvedere contained several works stolen from Jewish owners in the war, and that the gallery had refused to return the art to their original owners, or to acknowledge a theft had taken place. Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer is currently being displayed in New York’s Neue Galerie. Schoenberg showed that three of the conditions pertinent to the case were that Altmann's property had been taken in violation of international law; the property was owned by the state in question, or one of its agencies; and that the property had been used on a commercial basis in the US. But when she was 82, she learned from the tenacious Austrian investigative journalist Hubertus Czernin that the title to the paintings was hers, and she vowed to get them back. Although Altmann was not old enough at the time to remember Klimt's visits, she grew up visiting her uncle and aunt's grand house, which was filled with pictures, tapestries, elegant furniture and a collection of fine porcelain. One of Ferdinand's nieces, Maria Altmann, hired the lawyer E. Randol Schoenberg to make a claim against the gallery for the return of five works by Klimt. The portrait is the final and most fully representative work of Klimt's golden phase. A romance between the women is depicted in the movie "Ammonite," but historians believe they were simply close friends. It made no reference to the pictures, which he thought had been lost forever, but it stated that his entire estate was left to his nephew and two nieces—one of whom was Maria Altmann. The Weeping Woman by Pablo Picasso is a silent protest of the bombing of Guernica. by the Austrian Symbolist painter Gustav Klimt.It was painted at some point in 1907 and 1908, during the height of what scholars call his "Golden Period". He continued to paint such images right until his death in 1918. The Austrian government filed for dismissal, with arguments based on the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (1976). Her father, Gustav, was most devastated when his prized Stradivarius cello was taken from him. The Nazis held Fredrick at Dachau concentration camp to persuade his brother, Bernhard, to sign over his lucrative textile factory to them. It is very meaningful to me that they are seen by anybody who wants to see them, because that would have been the wish of my aunt. Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I (also called The Lady in Gold or The Woman in Gold) is a painting by Gustav Klimt, completed between 1903 and 1907.The portrait was commissioned by the sitter's husband, Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer (de), a Jewish banker and sugar producer. Photo:  Lawrence K. Ho/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images. [59][60] To remove all reference to its Jewish subject matter, the gallery renamed the portrait with the German title Dame in Gold (translates as Lady in Gold). The artist completed the 70.8 in x 70.8 in (180 x 180 cm) painting in 1909. All went to private collections. [56] In 1937 the golden portrait of Adele was lent for display at the Paris Exposition. Maria Altmann and members of her family attempt to flee to the United States. It depicts an imaginary young woman in exotic dress and a very large pearl earring. 6. [63], In December 1941 Führer transferred the paintings Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and Apfelbaum I to the Galerie Belvedere in return for Schloss Kammer am Attersee III, which he then sold to Gustav Ucicky, an illegitimate son of Klimt. The portrait shows Adele Bloch-Bauer sitting on a golden throne or chair, in front of a golden starry background. Maria Viktoria Bloch-Bauer was born to Gustav Bloch-Bauer and Therese Bauer on February 18, 1916, in Vienna, Austria. The painting is considerably larger (almost two by two and a half meters) and equally stilted. If, however, your painting is worth somewhere between $500 and $10,000, which is still a handsome sum, you can just present yourself and your item to an auction house or art dealer and get their advice. [12][13][n 1] Klimt had begun using gold in his 1890 portrait of the pianist Joseph Pembauer,[16] but his first work that included a golden theme was Pallas Athene (1898). Now, the painting is on safer ground at the heart of the intimate exhibition “Gustav Klimt and Adele Bloch-Bauer: The Woman in Gold,” which opens today at the Neue Galerie. At the time, it was the largest sum ever purchased for a painting. The painting is of a Jewish banker’s wife set in 1907 and was purchased by Ronald Lauder, a Russian billionaire, in 2006. Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I (also called The Lady in Gold or The Woman in Gold) is a painting by Gustav Klimt, completed between 1903 and 1907. The titular character in Woman in Gold is Adele Bloch-Bauer, whose husband, Czech sugar mogul Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, commissioned Austrian symbolist painter Gustav Klimt to paint two portraits of his wife when she was 25 years old. [26] Socially well-connected, Adele brought together writers, politicians and intellectuals for regular salons at their home. [80][81][n 13], After the panel's decision was announced, the Galerie Belvedere ran a series of advertisements that appeared in bus stops and on underground railway platforms. The painting is an example of Klimt's symbolic and allegorial works. Although there were calls from some Austrians for the state to purchase the five paintings, the government stated that the price would be too high to justify the expense. [48] In February 1918, Klimt suffered a stroke and was hospitalised; he caught pneumonia due to the worldwide influenza epidemic and died that month.[49]. In September the following year, he moved to neutral Switzerland where he lived in a hotel. In 2003, the Austrian Mint issued a 14-gram, 100-Euro gold coin showing Gustav Klimt's head and on the flip side, an etching of "The Kiss." Ferdinand's brother Gustav, a lawyer by training, helped her frame the document and was named as the executor. Yet the paintings hung in Vienna’s Austrian Gallery at Belvedere Palace with a placard inscribed: "Adele Bloch-Bauer 1907, bequeathed by Adele and Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer." [82] The paintings were exported from Austria in March 2006 and exhibited together at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art from April to June that year. [74][75] Over four years of litigation followed as to whether the case could be brought against a sovereign state before it was brought before the Supreme Court in Republic of Austria v. [30][n 3], In mid-1903 Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer commissioned Klimt to paint a portrait of his wife; he wished to give the piece to Adele's parents as an anniversary present that October. Following the Anschluss of Austria by Nazi Germany, Ferdinand fled Vienna, and made his way to Switzerland, leaving behind much of his wealth, including his large art collection. [30][33] She wears a tight golden dress in a triangular shape, made up of rectilinear forms. (The painting, now in the collection of the Neue Galerie in New York, is part of a new exhibition created in conjunction with the movie. [59][66], In 1998 the Austrian government introduced the Art Restitution Act,[n 8] which looked again at the question of art stolen by the Nazis. That autumn, following the Munich Agreement, he realised he was not safe and left for Paris. The work permanently resides in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague. The artist Catherine Dean considered that Adele was "the only society lady painted by Klimt who is known definitely to be his mistress",[21] while the journalist Melissa Müller and the academic Monica Tatzkow write that "no evidence has ever been produced that their relationship was more than a friendship". [28] Klimt drew over a hundred preparatory sketches for the portrait between 1903 and 1904. Learn about the woman whose autobiographical books inspired "Little House on the Prairie.". (Translates from the German as: "I ask my husband after his death to leave my two portraits and the four landscapes by Gustav Klimt to the Austrian State Gallery in Vienna. [96] In 2015 Altmann's story was dramatised for the film Woman in Gold starring Helen Mirren as Maria and Ryan Reynolds as Schoenberg. But beyond that glittery gold leaf, the work is full of fascinating facts. “But I will do them the pleasure of staying alive.”, She did and she triumphed. [91] The painting's history is described in the 2012 book The Lady in Gold: The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, by the journalist Anne-Marie O'Connor. Adele died in 1925; her will asked that the artworks by Klimt were to be left to the Galerie Belvedere, although these belonged to Ferdinand, not her. He depicted her in a swirling gown within a blaze of gold rectangles, spirals and Egyptian symbols — she became the epitome of Vienna's Golden Age. [58] His sugar factory was confiscated and turned over to the state, and went through a process of Aryanisation as Jewish shareholders and managers were replaced. [35], In December 1937 Gustav's daughter–and Ferdinand's niece–Maria, married the young opera singer Fritz Altman. [24][25] Ferdinand was older than his fiancée and at the time of the marriage in December 1899, she was 18 and he was 35. Altmann and her lawyer took their case all the way to the Supreme Court and won. [37] Klimt later said that the "mosaics of unbelievable splendour" were a "revelation" to him. [88] In November 2006 the remaining four Klimt paintings were sold at Christie's auction house. [88][90], The history of the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and the other paintings taken from the Bloch-Bauers has been recounted in three documentary films, Stealing Klimt (2007), The Rape of Europa (2007) and Adele's Wish (2008). Adele Bloch-Bauer II sold for $87.9 million, Apfelbaum I for $33 million, Buchenwald for $40.3 million and Häuser in Unterach am Attersee for $31 million. [44][45] Peter Vergo, writing for Grove Art, considers that the painting "marks the height of ... [Klimt's] gold-encrusted manner of painting". An actress in the 1964 James Bond 'Goldfinger' film did not die from being covered with gold paint. The Altmanns then fled to America and ultimately settled in California. https://www.biography.com/news/woman-in-gold-maria-altmann-biography [3] In 1897 he was a founding member and president of the Vienna Secession, a group of artists who wanted to break with what they saw as the prevailing conservatism of the Viennese Künstlerhaus. The two boarded a plane to Cologne and made their way to the Dutch border, where a peasant guided them across a brook, under barbed wire and into the Netherlands. Learn about the Jewish refugee whose painting of her aunt was stolen by Nazis and inspired the 2015 movie starring Helen Mirren. Altmann recalled: “My father died two weeks after that. This list includes both active and no longer active (defunct) companies. The art historian Gilles Néret considers that the use of gold in the painting "underlines the essential erotic ingredient in ... [Klimt's] view of the world". A masterpiece of the early Modern period, Gustav Klimt's 'The Kiss' is a deceptively simple portrait of lust and love. [35] The unnamed reviewer from the Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung described the painting as "an idol in a golden shrine",[40] while the critic Eduard Pötzl described the work as "mehr Blech als Bloch" ("more brass than Bloch"). Picasso painted Science and Charity at age 16. Around her neck is the same jewelled choker Klimt included in the Judith painting. [93] The story of Adele Bloch-Bauer and Maria Altmann formed the basis for the 2017 novel Stolen Beauty by Laurie Lico Albanese. [100][101] He subsequently specialised in the restitution of artwork plundered by the Nazis. [39], Klimt exhibited his portrait at the 1907 Mannheim International Art Show, alongside the Portrait of Fritza Riedler (1906). [n 12] Schoenberg gave evidence before them in September 2005 and, in January 2006, they delivered their judgement. It was the first of two depictions of Adele by Klimt—the second was completed in 1912; these were two of several works by the artist that the family owned. United States National Debt Clock January 2021 - The United States is currently trillions upon trillions of dollars in debt, and much more is expected to be added to their books over the coming years. His Viennese residence became an office of Deutsche Reichsbahn, the German railway company, while his castle in Czechoslovakia was taken after the German occupation as the personal residence of the SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich. Now, a first look at Kristen Wiig’s role in Wonder Woman 1984 has also been shared. [27] In 1903 Ferdinand purchased his first Klimt work from the artist, Buchenwald (Beech Forest). ‘Lady with Fan’ was created in 1918 by Gustav Klimt in Art Nouveau (Modern) style. On April 2, 2015, Neue Galerie New York will open "Gustav Klimt and Adele Bloch-Bauer: The Woman in Gold," an intimate exhibition devoted to the close relationship that existed between the artist and one of his key subjects and patrons. A production company may specialize in producing their in-house films or own subsidiary development companies. Whitford writes that the only evidence put forward to support the theory is the position of the woman's right hand, as Adele had a disfigured finger following a childhood accident. The committee turned down the request, again citing Adele's will as the reason they were retaining the works. In a series of flashbacks, Maria Altmann recalls Anschluss, the arrival of Nazi forces in Vienna, the persecution of the Jewish community and the looting and pillaging by the Nazis against Jewish families. [3], Adele's hair, face, décolletage and hands are painted in oil; they make up less than a twelfth of the work and, in Whitford's opinion, convey little about the sitter's character. [35] In December 1903, along with fellow artist Maximilian Lenz, Klimt visited the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna where he studied the early-Christian Byzantine gold mosaics of Justinian I and his wife, Empress Theodora. a request rather than a binding testament. But the Nazis stole them from her — the stunning necklace she wore on her wedding day was sent to Nazi leader Hermann Göring as a present for his wife. [28][45][46] Also present are decorative motifs on the theme of the letters A and B, the sitter's initials. [59][71], In March 2000 Altmann filed a civil claim against the Austrian government for the return of the paintings. The committee's decision recommended that 16 Klimt drawings and 19 pieces of porcelain that had been held by Ferdinand and Adele and which were still at the Galerie Belvedere should be returned, as they fell outside the request of the will. Several works were returned to the Bloch-Bauer estate, but no Klimt paintings; to obtain the necessary export permits, the family were forced to let the Austrian state retain Häuser in Unterach am Attersee, Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Adele Bloch-Bauer II, and Apfelbaum I. 5. [50] The painting show a little girl in the protecting arms of a young woman, while beside them an old woman stands with bowed head. Photo: Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images. [29][30], In 1901 Klimt painted Judith and the Head of Holofernes; the art historian Gottfried Fliedl observes that the painting is "widely known and interpreted as Salome". The art historian Julle M. Johnson states that the writer was, The Austrian Art Restitution Act was brought in following the seizure in the US of, Schoenberg was the grandson of the composer, Schoenberg selected Nödl, a Viennese barrister; the Austrian government picked Rechberger, the dean of the Faculty of Law at the, United States District Court for the Central District of California, Gustav Klimt and Adele Bloch-Bauer, Neue Galerie, Neue Galerie New York Agrees to Acquire Spectacular Klimt Painting, US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit: Altmann V. Republic of Austria (2003), "Republic of Austria v. Altmann 541 U.S. 677 (2004)", "Gustav Klimt: Five Paintings from the Collection of Ferdinand and Adele Bloch-Bauer", 2006, "New York: Staged Reading: The Accidental Caregiver", Embassy of Austria, "Court Awards Nazi-Looted Artworks to L.A. Woman", "Klimts Go to Market; Museums Hold Their Breath", "Patt Morrison Asks: E. Randol Schoenberg—for the gold Klimt", "Lauder Pays $135 Million, a Record, for a Klimt Portrait", "The Gustav Klimt Painting Oprah Reportedly Sold for $150M Has Quite a Story", "Arbitral Award – 5 Klimt paintings Maria V. Altmann and others v. Republic of Austria, 15 January 2004", "Testament vom 19.1.1923 von Adele Bloch-Bauer", "Portrait of Wally – United States and Estate of Lea Bondi and Leopold Museum", "Gustav Klimt and Adele Bloch-Bauer: The Woman in Gold", "Gustav Klimt: Five Paintings from the Collection of Ferdinand and Adele Bloch-Bauer". In 1910 he obtained. [n 9] The government formed a restitution committee to report on which works should be returned; government archives were opened up to research into the provenance of works held by the government. [31] Adele was the model for the work,[32] and wore a heavily-jewelled deep choker given to her by Ferdinand, in what Whitford describes as "Klimt's most erotic painting". [28] Whitford identifies influences of the art of the Byzantine, Egypt, Mycenae and Greece, describing that "the gold is like that in Byzantine mosaics; the eyes on the dress are Egyptian, the repeated coils and whorls Mycenaean, while other decorative devices, based on the initial letters of the sitter's name, are vaguely Greek". The couple, who had no children, both changed their surnames to Bloch-Bauer. [39][44] O'Connor writes that the painting "seem[s] to embody femininity", and thus likens it to the Mona Lisa,[40] while for Müller and Tatzkow, the gold gives the effect that Adele appears "melancholy and vulnerable, unapproachably aloof and yet rapt". Altmann. The painting has been on display at the location since. "[89] Altmann said of the sale that it was not practical for her, or her relatives who were also part of the estate, to retain any of the paintings. Altmann was left with only memories of the paintings, as they were stolen when the Nazis took over Austria in 1938. The avant-garde of the Austrian capital included the composer Arnold Schoenberg. The painting is oversized, measuring approximately 6 x 6 feet. But, however you style it, a gold chain is a jewellery-box essential. 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